![]() ![]() The Fire Next Time was published in 1963 in the midst of the civil rights and black nationalist movements. ![]() To escape the limitations of American racism and the stigma he faced as a gay man, Baldwin spent much of his adult life living in France, though he always considered himself an American and returned to the US often to advocate for civil rights and social justice. Baldwin was born in Harlem in 1924 and his experience of poverty, racism, and segregation profoundly influenced his writing. Writer, novelist, and social critic James Baldwin was among the leading voices of the twentieth century on race relations and the African American experience. ![]()
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